Spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in vulnerable areas for the transmission of arboviruses.

INTRODUCTION: Areas at risk of transmission of arboviruses have been monitored using ovitraps. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti in vulnerable areas for the transmission of arboviruses and assess the influence of climatic conditions on the infestation of these culicids. METHODS: Ovitraps were installed in Agrestina, Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. RESULTS: Overall, 44,936 eggs were collected, and the indexes of infestation varied. Relative humidity was significantly associated with the infestations. CONCLUSIONS: Using ovitraps, entomologic indexes and analysis of climatic factors might be good strategies for monitoring vulnerable areas for the transmission of arboviruses.

Spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in vulnerable areas for the transmission of arboviruses

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Areas at risk of transmission of arboviruses have been monitored using ovitraps. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti in vulnerable areas for the transmission of arboviruses and assess the influence of climatic conditions on the infestation of these culicids. METHODS: Ovitraps were installed in Agrestina, Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. RESULTS: Overall, 44,936 eggs were collected, and the indexes of infestation varied. Relative humidity was significantly associated with the infestations. CONCLUSIONS: Using ovitraps, entomologic indexes and analysis of climatic factors might be good strategies for monitoring vulnerable areas for the transmission of arboviruses.

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an urban area of Northeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION:: The sandfly fauna is well studied globally. In Brazil, sandfly fauna is very diverse in the Northeast region, especially in states such as Maranhão, Ceará, and Bahia. However, in the State of Pernambuco, the distribution of these insects is still not well known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the different species that constitute the sandfly fauna in an urban area in the Northeast region of Brazil, where an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was recently reported. METHODS:: The sandflies were collected from an urban area endemic for VL, at five collection points. The collection of samples was carried out from November 2014 to December 2015, using CDC light traps installed in intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary fashion. RESULTS:: The collected sandflies (n = 297) belonged to eight species: Lutzomyia lenti, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia sallesi, Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia walkeri, Lutzomyia capixaba, Lutzomyia carmelinoi, and Lutzomyia whitmani. Most of the specimens collected were peridomiciliary (247/297, 83%). L. lenti (154/297, 52%) was the most frequently sampled species, followed by L. longipalpis (88/297, 29.6%), and L. sallesi (42/297, 14.1%), which together accounted for over 90% of the collected sandfly specimens. CONCLUSIONS:: The continued presence of L. longipalpis in urban areas, including that in intradomiciliary areas, with a predominance of females, is crucial because of the high possibility of them causing VL outbreaks, since this species is the main vector of Leishmania infantum in Brazil.

Sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in an urban area of Northeastern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The sandfly fauna is well studied globally. In Brazil, sandfly fauna is very diverse in the Northeast region, especially in states such as Maranhão, Ceará, and Bahia. However, in the State of Pernambuco, the distribution of these insects is still not well known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the different species that constitute the sandfly fauna in an urban area in the Northeast region of Brazil, where an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was recently reported. METHODS: The sandflies were collected from an urban area endemic for VL, at five collection points. The collection of samples was carried out from November 2014 to December 2015, using CDC light traps installed in intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary fashion. RESULTS: The collected sandflies (n = 297) belonged to eight species: Lutzomyia lenti, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia sallesi, Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia walkeri, Lutzomyia capixaba, Lutzomyia carmelinoi, and Lutzomyia whitmani. Most of the specimens collected were peridomiciliary (247/297, 83%). L. lenti (154/297, 52%) was the most frequently sampled species, followed by L. longipalpis (88/297, 29.6%), and L. sallesi (42/297, 14.1%), which together accounted for over 90% of the collected sandfly specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The continued presence of L. longipalpis in urban areas, including that in intradomiciliary areas, with a predominance of females, is crucial because of the high possibility of them causing VL outbreaks, since this species is the main vector of Leishmania infantum in Brazil.

Leishmaniose visceral canina e humana em Caruaru, Pernambuco, no período de 2005 a 2010 / Canine and human visceral leishmaniasis at Caruaru, Brazil, in the period 2005 to 2010

A leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose negligenciada de grande importância em saúde pública. O município de Caruaru-PE, assim como outras localidades do Brasil, vem apresentando taxas crescentes da doença. Este trabalho teve como objetivos relatar e analisar a frequência de cães sororreagentes para leishmaniose visceral canina e a ocorrência de casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral em todo o município de Caruaru, nas zonas rural e urbana, além de avaliar as ações e estratégias do Programa de Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2010. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico descritivo retrospectivo dos casos de leishmaniose visceral canina, no qual se observou um aumento na frequência de cães sororreagentes de 1,4 porcento (24/1671), em 2005, para 31,9 porcento (347/1174) em 2010. Em relação à atuação do programa no município, verificou-se que 44,3 porcento (557/1258) dos animais sororreagentes foram eliminados no período estudado, o que demonstra ter sido pouco efetivo para impedir a expansão da doença. A análise descritiva de casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral, notificados pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN), revelou que, das 29 notificações realizadas no período estudado, 15 (51,7 porcento) eram oriundas da zona rural e 14 (48,3 porcento), da zona urbana. Portanto, ficou evidenciado que a referida zoonose tem demonstrado um crescimento não limitado à zona rural e que o processo de urbanização vem gerando mudanças no comportamento epidemiológico da doença também no município de Caruaru-PE.

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected zoonosis of great importance in public health. The municipal area of Caruaru, as well as other local areas of Brazil presented increasing prevalence rates of this illness. This current assignment was created with the purpose of analyzing and reporting the high rates observed in dogs exhibiting seroconversion for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) and the occurrence of Visceral Leishmaniasis cases in humans within the entire municipal area of Caruaru (rural and urban), as well as the evaluation of practices and strategies in the VL control program during the period between January 2005 and December 2010. An increase in the number of seropositive dogs was verified in a retrospective descriptive study of CVL, from 1.4 percent (24/1,671) in 2005 to 31.9 percent (347/1,174) in 2010. With reference to the euthanasia program executed on the seropositive animals in the municipal area, only 44.3 percent (557/1,258) were eliminated during that period, revealing such a program as ineffective in preventing dissemination of this disease. A second descriptive study was also performed on human cases of VL, notified by the Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN), revealing that out of the 29 notifications in the studied period, 15 (51.7 percent) of them originated in the rural area and 14 (48.3 percent) originated in urban areas. Therefore, it may be observed that the zoonosis has demonstrated growth that is not limited to rural areas, and that the process of urbanization has brought changes in regards to the epidemiological behavior of the disease including the city of Caruaru-PE.